褐菖鲉幼鱼对贻贝养殖生境的利用规律初探

嵊泗海域规模庞大的贻贝养殖生境发挥着养护幼鱼的海洋牧场功能,而探查当地趋礁鱼类在幼体阶段对该生境的利用规律可为当地海洋牧场的设计提供重要参考,为此2018年5—7月对舟山北部枸杞岛贻贝场的褐菖鲉幼鱼、附着生物进行了逐月调查,使用自制网具采集目标生物样品,应用相对密度指数和相关分析法分析了褐菖鲉幼鱼在该生境中的栖息密度、栖息方式和空间分布特征,采用胃含物分析法确定其食性特征,并结合耳石轮纹探究其利用该生境的生长周期。结果显示,褐菖鲉幼鱼的栖息密度时空特征上,5—7月在养殖区贻贝串上的栖息密度分别为(10±6)、(7±5)和(5±5)个/串,时间上呈现逐月递减趋势,随时间的推移养殖区外侧幼体逐渐迁移至内侧近岸区直至消失。栖息方式选择上,褐菖鲉幼鱼栖息数量与贻贝串孔隙大小和附着海藻生物量之间皆呈正相关,但并不显著。饵料利用上,养殖区褐菖鲉幼鱼总体维持较高的摄食强度,各月份平均摄食强度皆高于对照区,主要摄食对象为麦秆虫和钩虾,重量百分比为70.9%和28.3%。栖息周期上,养殖区内褐菖鲉幼鱼耳石平均轮纹数为(57±12)个,其利用养殖贻贝串的周期一般约为2～3月,且该生境中幼鱼耳石纹路间距均匀性和条纹清晰度均明显优于岩礁生境。研究表明,枸杞岛的贻贝养殖生境成为褐菖鲉幼鱼额外的栖息环境,在增殖养护褐菖鲉资源方面发挥了积极作用,因此嵊泗海域在建设海洋牧场时可依据贻贝养殖生境的资源养护原理,通过设置浮体结构强化海洋牧场的饵料场和庇护功能,以提高褐菖鲉种群的补充量,为当地休闲海钓的持续发展提供部分保障。     

大型海藻生境的生态功能及其在海洋牧场应用中的探讨

大型海藻是近岸海洋生态系统生态过程的重要驱动者之一,由大型海藻所形成的海藻场栖息地在维持海洋生物摄食、生长和繁殖等生命活动中扮演着极为重要的角色。然而,近年来受环境变化和人类活动等因素的影响,全球范围内许多沿海国家都出现了海藻场快速退化的现象,且对以海藻场为关键栖息地的海洋生物造成了不可忽略的影响,这一状况在我国尤为严重。为保障海洋生物资源可持续利用,海藻场修复已成为我国近岸海域生态环境保护的重要工作之一。但由于对海藻及其构造生境的生态功能认识不足,有关海藻场修复的目标定位、实现路径等存在较大的盲目性。本文从海藻场修复的角度出发,先分别对海藻及其构造生境的生态功能进行了阐述,而后对海藻养殖区是否可替代天然藻场被纳入到海洋牧场的建设中以及海藻生境生态功能的量化测定提出了几点思考,以期为今后海藻场修复工作合理、高效地开展和海藻养殖产业的可持续发展提供参考。     

咸淡水集约化草鱼池塘饲料投喂量与水质及浮游生物的关系

对广州市诚一水产养殖有限公司3个咸淡水草鱼池塘的浮游生物、水质和饲料投喂量进行了为期1 a的调查,并利用SPSS和Canoco 5.0对数据进行相关性、排序和多元回归分析。结果显示：池塘饲料投喂量与水体总氮浓度呈显著正相关关系,r=0.614（P<0.05）;与水温、pH、透明度、溶氧、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、总磷和盐度等水质指标无显著相关性。饲料投喂量与浮游植物生物量呈显著正相关,r=0.354（P<0.05）;与浮游动物生物量呈极显著正相关关系,r=0.447（P<0.01）。将饲料投喂量和水质指标与浮游生物量进行RDA和多元逐步回归分析,结果显示饲料投喂量和总磷分别是影响浮游动物和浮游植物生物量的关键因子;且多元回归数据模型拟合较好,预测模型对浮游植物和浮游动物生物量解释率分别为65.4%和44.8%,模型分别为Y1=16.07X4+13.60X3+11.10X2+2.22X6-2.20X5-2.06X1-51.57、Y2=2243.92x4+5.54x3+0.90x2+0.006x1－57.48（其中Y1是浮游植物生物量,X1、X2、X3、X4、X5和X6分别是透明度、亚硝态氮、pH、总磷、氨氮和溶氧;Y2是浮游动物生物量,x1、x2、x3、x4分别是饲料投喂量、透明度、pH、盐度）。咸淡水集约化池塘饲料投喂量对池塘总氮浓度和浮游生物量均有显著影响,浮游植物对池塘氨氮的吸收能力间接影响池塘饲料投喂量,且浮游动物生物量可在一定程度上反映饲料投喂是否过量。以上结果提示,在养殖生产中,饲料投喂量需结合池塘水质及浮游生物量的情况进行调节,预测模型Y1和Y2可供参考;笔者认为该类池塘浮游植物生物量在40~70 mg/L为宜,池塘水环境相对较好且稳定。     

A simple substrate to produce the tropical epiphytic algae Hypnea pseudomusciformis

The seaweeds Hypnea spp have been used as a direct human food, for carrageenan extraction, and exploitation of chemical compounds of interest. Nevertheless, its culture is still undeveloped because of difficulties in managing the epiphytic habit. Therefore, this study focuses on obtaining a suitable substrate for Hypnea pseudomusciformis settling and developing associated to a simple and efficient system to produce this red alga in tropical coastal regions of South Atlantic. We developed a substrate comprised of a 1 cm diameter polypropylene cable with 60 cm length, which was totally shredded. This structure allows that the epiphytic algae grow settled on the substrates and not only appended to it. A modular long-line structure comprised of 1 m polypropylene braided cables with two substrates spaced 30 cm each. Testing the prototype in a seaweed small-farm resulted in a growth rate of 5.66 % day⁻¹ and a productivity of 0.64 kg m⁻¹ in 45 days. This simple patented technology may base used the development of the culture of H. pseudomusciformis in familiar or industrial scales.     

Spent brewer's yeast as a replacement for fishmeal in diets for giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), reared in either clear water or a biofloc environment

A 90‐day feeding experiment was conducted in order to test spent brewer's yeast as a replacement for fishmeal in diets for giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) reared in either a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) or a biofloc system. Triplicate groups, each of 20 prawn (6.7 ± 0.03 g), were randomly assigned to 24 identical tanks. Twelve tanks were connected to the RAS, and the other 12 tanks were connected to the biofloc system which were initially supplemented with Bacillus subtilis, molasses and blood meal to achieve a C:N ratio of 20:1. Four iso‐nitrogenous (350 g/kg) and iso‐energetic (19 MJ/kg) diets where 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of fishmeal protein was replaced by spent brewer's yeast. Neither growth nor survival was affected (p > 0.05) by increasing levels of brewer's yeast. The exception, being fish given 60% replacement with brewer's yeast, reared in biofloc, which displayed a higher (p < 0.05) growth than fish given 40% replacement, reared in clear water. The feed conversion ratio of prawn reared in the biofloc environment was lower than in the clear water. We concluded that spent brewer's yeast represents a possible 60% substitute for fishmeal in giant freshwater prawn diets, especially for prawn reared in a biofloc environment.     

Heavy metal concentrations and sediment quality of a cage farm on Lake Volta,Ghana

This study involved the determination of sediment quality and heavy metals in the water column and bottom sediment of a selected cage fish farm in Lake Volta, to assess the potential impact of metals and organic matter pollution on the lake due to cage fish farming. Sediment analysis indicated that the texture of all sampling sites was sandy clay loam with sand dominating with a range of 31.5%–81.2%. The organic matter (TOM) ranged from 4.42%–8.89%, while organic carbon (TOC) was from 2.57%–5.22%. Total nitrogen (TN) fluctuated between 0.22% and 0.45%; total phosphate ranged between 0.22% and 5.30%. The TOC, TOM and TN content in the farm sediment were significantly lower than those of the reference sites (ANOVA, p < .05). Lead, copper, cadmium and selenium were not detected in the water. The results revealed that heavy metal concentrations in the water column and sediments were low and within tolerable levels, indicating no influence of metals from fish feed was observed on the lake water quality. However, the farm seemed to have moderate impact on sediment quality from organic matter. Water and sediment quality monitoring should be embarked upon periodically to ensure sustainable cage culture in the Lake Volta.     

The effect of insect meal as a feed ingredient on survival,growth, and metabolic and antioxidant response of juvenile prawn Palaemon adspersus (Rathke, 1837)

For successful prawn aquaculture, feeds should be based on readily consumed ingredients that promote survival and optimal growth performance. This pilot study investigates the rearing of juvenile Baltic prawn Palaemon adspersus. Two feeding trials were carried out for 60 days; both incorporated insect meals, the first one in fishmeal‐based diets, whereas the second one in plant meal ones. Insect meals derived from larvae of Tenebrio molitor (TM), Hermetia illucens (HI) and Musca domestica (MD) were tested as feed ingredients. This study indicated that the inclusion of HI in fishmeal diets resulted in significantly higher growth performance and survival of the prawns, whereas the MD diet led to similarly high growth performance reducing significantly their survival. Growth performance was not affected by the insect inclusion in the plant‐based diets, but survival was higher in the TM and HI inclusion diets. The inclusion of TM and HI resulted in higher protein and energy content of the prawns’ muscle when incorporated in fishmeal and plant meal diets respectively. No significant differences were observed in the activities of hepatopancreas’ amino acid‐catabolizing enzymes. Concluding, the combinations fishmeal–HI and plant meal–TM can be used for the successful rearing of Baltic prawn.     

The benthic environmental footprint of aquaculture in the Eastern Mediterranean: Organic vs conventional fish farming

A field experiment was carried out in a fish farm of the Eastern Mediterranean in order to evaluate the benthic environmental footprint of the organic versus the conventional fish farming. The highest values of chl α were recorded at the conventional culture during both studied seasons. The organic matter and organic carbon rates recorded at the conventional culture were significantly higher than those observed at the organic culture in both studied seasons (p < .05). Furthermore, in all cases the quality characteristics of benthic community variables were optimum at the organic culture compared to the conventional one and similar to those of the control. SIMPER analysis showed that the maximum average dissimilarity occurred between organic and conventional culture, while the main contributor species for this dissimilarity was the polychaete Capitella capitata. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination plot indicated clearly a separation of the organic and conventional fish farming during both studied seasons. K‐dominance curves revealed a clear difference in elevation, mainly during summer. M‐AMBI index showed a poor to moderate environment for conventional culture, while organic one was good to high and similar to the control site (high). The results indicated the lower environmental footprint of the organic fish farming compared to the conventional, demonstrating its potential as an important management tool, which could play a significant ecological role for the sustainability of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region.     

Productive performance of brown mussels Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) cultivated on ropes at low densities in Caraguatatuba,Brazil

In Brazil, mussel seed are not a plentiful natural resource, and so the efficient use of seeds by reducing stocking densities should be considered. There are very few studies addressing the relationship between seeding density and growth of mussels in tropical conditions. This work aimed to determine the influence of low seeding densities on the productive performance of Perna perna (Linnaeus) mussels cultivated on ropes in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. In October 2014, 12 ropes, one metre in length each, were seeded at the densities of 200, 300 and 400 mussels/m (four ropes for each density) and suspended on a long line. After 226 days of growing, mussels were harvested and their performance at each density was evaluated in terms of mean weight and length, production, culture efficiency, condition index, survival, amount of recruited seed, amount of fouling on the ropes and morphometric relationships. We observed no significant differences (p > .05) for these indicators among the densities tested, except for mussel biomass, which was significantly higher (p < .05) at the greater densities. A partial budget analysis showed that the density of 400 m^?1 showed better profitability and should be recommended, even in case of seed shortage.     

Parasitic infection of Cobitis elongatoides Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 by zoonotic metacercariae Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814)

An infection of zoonotic Clinostomum complanatum metacercariae with potential human transmission was recorded close to fish farms in the Tisa River Basin of Slovakia and Ukraine. The prevalence varied from 19.4% to 81.3%, and the intensity of infection varied from 7 to 41. The results of a generalized linear model predicted a positive trend for the Cobitis elongatoides host and a standard length and intensity of infection, with females having a higher number of parasites. However, no significant impact was found of the intensity of infection on Clark's condition of the host. The metacercariae were primarily located in the anterior part of the host's body. Our study also showed significant evidence that water velocity affects the number of C. complanatum metacercariae, regardless of the host's (Cobitis) microhabitat.